While fighting back the Germans, the first waves of violence against the Italian occupants (regardless of their connection to the Fascist party or not) set the Istrian hinterland on fire. Tito, commander in chief of the Yugoslav forces, led Yugoslav Partisans in a massive general offense in 1945, which succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing them to retreat beyond Yugoslav borders. Nstitute of Italian Culture at Zagreb, established in 1942 by the Minister of Culture Claudio Bottai () In September 1943, Nazi troops occupied Trieste and a major part of the Julian Region in a final attempt to maintain control over the Adriatic shoreline against under the pressure of Allied armies, as well as Italian and Yugoslav Partisans. The burning of the Narodni Dom immediately became the paradigmatic (and celebrated) embodiment of the Fascist repression of the Slovenian population of the Caput Adriae: these actions were methodically aimed at the annihilation of both Slovenian and Croatian identities (Fig. In 1920, tensions culminated with the burning down of the Narodni Dom, a multimodal building housing the Centre of Slovenian Culture in Trieste. Fascists shut down Slovenian schools, imposed the Italian language, Italianising place and family names, and restricting access to public administration jobs. In such a tense, early post-war climate, the Fascist party showed its more brutal face by enacting a systematic and oppressive campaign to Italianise the newly annexed region. The presence of a new occupying authority further exacerbated the rising sense of nationalism on both the Italian and Yugoslav fronts (Fig. Suddenly 350,000 Slovenians and Croatians fell under Italian jurisdiction, despite their fierce opposition to Italy because of the discrimination to which they were subjected. This land was renamed Venezia-Giulia (Julian Region) after the Augustan Tenth Regio, Venetia et Histria, echoing the Fascist myth of Romanità. After the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the annexation of the former Austrian Littoral by Italy profoundly disrupted the already compromised order of things in the region. In the final stages of the war, the forced expatriation of Italians from Trieste was followed by a wave of German refugees abandoning the Austrian Littoral for Styria, and Slovenian and Croatian populations, who started being persecuted by both Italy and Austria. women, children, young and elderly people) were repatriated through the Swiss border. Those who were still on Austrian soil when Italy entered the war had a very different destiny: men between the ages of 18 and 50 were arrested and deported to internment camps, mainly at Katzenau, Linz. About 35,000 Italians left their houses and workplaces to cross the border and find shelter on Italian territory as refugees (Cattaruzza 1979: 39). The widespread awareness of the impending Austro-Italian conflict caused Trieste to empty very rapidly. The term regnicoli referred to all immigrants originally born in the Kingdom of Italy from the Austrian Italian-speaking citizens present in the region. World War I caused massive population displacements in the area due to the Austrian-Italian conflict, the most evident being the expulsion of the Italian regnicoli 5 from Trieste by the Habsburg forces. Such contestations continue to undermine modern efforts of reconciliation and discussions of interethnic and trans-border cooperation (D'Alessio 2012: 287). The Upper Adriatic Region (Istituto Geografico Italiano 1921-1943) Therefore, the Caput Adriae region is a place where the movement of borders, population displacements, concentration camps, mass killings, resulted in the creation of fractured memories and contested historical narratives.
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